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A private hospital in Jakarta According to PALYJA in its western half of the concession the service coverage ratio increased substantially from 34% in 1998 to 59% in 2007 and 65% in 2010. Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures.

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For other uses, see. Jakarta ; Indonesian pronunciation: , officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta : Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta , is the capital and largest city of. Located on the northwest coast of the world's most populous island , it is the centre of economics, culture and politics of Indonesia, with a population of 10,075,310 as of 2014. The Greater Jakarta metropolitan area has an area of 6,392 square kilometers, which is known as an acronym of Jakarta, , , and , is the world's after with a population of 30,214,303 as of 2010 census. Jakarta is predicted to reach 35. Jakarta's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over the Indonesian archipelago, making it a melting pot of many communities and cultures. Jakarta is officially a with status, but is commonly referred to as a city. The Jakarta provincial government consists of five administrative cities and one. It was the de facto capital of the , and was known as at that time. It is currently the seat of the Secretariat and other important financial institutions such as the , the , and the corporate headquarters of numerous and. As of 2017, six companies have headquarters in the city. The city is also home for two and four companies. Jakarta is listed as an by the GaWC. Jakarta has grown more rapidly than , and. Jakarta's major challenges include rapid urban growth leading to overpopulation and ecological breakdown, gridlock traffic and congestion, poverty and inequality and. Jakarta is sinking up to 17 cm 6. Replica of the 1522 , a stone pillar with a of the commemorating a treaty between the and the , at. It was named after troops of successfully defeated and drove away Portuguese invaders from the city in 1527. Jakarta is nicknamed the , the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region, as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of New York City the Big Apple. In the colonial era, the city was also known as Koningin van het Oosten Queen of the Orient , initially in the 17th century for the urban beauty of , mansions and ordered city layout. After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this nickname came to be more associated with the suburbs e. Pre-colonial era The 5th-century discovered in Tugu district, North Jakarta The north coast area of western Java including Jakarta, was the location of prehistoric that flourished around 400 BC to 100 AD. The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the 4th century kingdom of , one of the oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia. The area of around was a populated settlement since at least early 5th century. The probably written around 417 AD discovered in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, , , mentioned King of Tarumanagara undertook hydraulic projects; the irrigation and water drainage project of the Chandrabhaga river and the Gomati river near his capital. Following the decline of , its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the. From 7th to early 13th century, the port of Sunda was within the sphere of influence of the maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, , written circa 1225, reported in the early 13th century Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula and western Java. The source reports the port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, mentioning from as being among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture and their houses were built on wooden piles. The harbour area became known as : ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮜᮕ and by the 14th century, it was a major trading port for the Sunda kingdom. The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from , arrived in 1513 when they were looking for a route for spices. The Sunda Kingdom with the Portuguese by allowing them to build a port in 1522 to defend against the rising power of from central Java. In 1527, , a Javanese general from Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta, and became a fiefdom of the which became a major Southeast Asia trading centre. Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta of , Dutch ships arrived in 1596. In 1602, the English 's first voyage, commanded by , arrived in and sailed on to where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the centre of English trade in Indonesia until 1682. Jayawikarta is thought to have made trading connections with the English merchants, rivals of the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615. Colonial era The City Hall of Batavia Stadhuis van Batavia , the seat of the Governor General of the in the late 18th century by c. The building now houses the ,. When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, his soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. His army and the English, however, were defeated by the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of. The Dutch burned the English fort, and forced them to retreat on their ships. The victory consolidated Dutch power and in 1619 they renamed the city Batavia. Commercial opportunities in the city attracted native and especially Chinese and Arab immigrants. This sudden population increase created burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. Following a revolt, 5,000 Chinese were by the Dutch and natives on 9 October 1740 and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to outside the city walls. At the beginning of the 19th century, around 400 Arabs and Moors lived in Batavia, a number which changed little during the following decades. Among the commodities traded, fabrics, especially imported cotton, and clothing worn by Arab communities. The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 caused more people to move away from the port. The Koningsplein, now was completed in 1818, the housing park of was started in 1913, and was the last Dutch-built residential area. By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants, including 37,067 Europeans. Independence era which stands in the centre of , commemorates the. Following World War II, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from -occupied Jakarta during and established their capital in. In 1950, once independence was secured, Jakarta was once again made the national capital. Indonesia's founding president, , envisaged Jakarta as a great international city, and instigated large government-funded projects with openly nationalistic and. Projects included a clover-leaf highway, a major boulevard -Sudirman , monuments such as , , a shopping centre, and a new parliament building. In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of attempt in which 6 top generals were killed, precipitating in which half a million people were killed, including many ethnic Chinese, and. He also cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects—some for the benefit of the Suharto family —and tried to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city to stem overcrowding and poverty. Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom that transformed the face of the city. The boom ended with the , putting Jakarta at the centre of violence, protest, and political manoeuvring. After 32 years in power, support for President began to wane. Tensions reached a peak when 4 students were at by security forces; ensued that killed an estimated 1,200, and destroyed or damaged 6,000 buildings. Much of the rioting targeted. Suharto resigned as president, and Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia. Governor's office at Jakarta City Hall Complex The name and status, as well as the governing system of Jakarta, has changed throughout its history. After Japan's surrender, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945, and the government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in the following month. After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognized until full Indonesian independence was achieved on 27 December 1949 and Jakarta was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia. This first government was led by a until the end of 1960, when the office was changed to that of a. The last mayor of Jakarta was Soediro, until he was replaced by as governor. Based on Act No. In August 2007, Jakarta held its first ever election to choose a governor as part of a nationwide decentralisation program that allows direct local elections in several areas. Previously, governors were elected by the members of DPRD. At present, Jakarta is administratively equal to a with special status. The executive branch of the city headed by an elected governor and a deputy governor, while DPRD is the legislative branch with 106 directly elected members. Unlike other cities and regencies in Indonesia where the mayor or regent are directly elected, Jakarta's mayors and regent are chosen by the governor of Jakarta. Each city and regency is again divided into administrative districts. Aside from representatives to the , Jakarta sent 21 members to the. The representatives are elected from Jakarta's 3 national electoral districts, which also includes overseas voters. It is led by a Regional Chief of police Kapolda, who holds the rank of. Municipal finances The Jakarta provincial government, like all other provincial governments in Indonesia, relies on transfers from the central government for the bulk of budget income. Local non-central government sources of revenue are incomes from various taxes such as vehicle ownership and vehicle transfer fees among others. The ability of the regional government to respond to the many problems of Jakarta is constrained by extremely limited finances. Priority areas of spending were listed as education, transport, flood control measures, environment programs, and various types of social spending such as health and housing. In recent years, the provincial government has consistently run a surplus of between 15—20% of total planned spending, largely because of delays in procurement procedures and other inefficiencies in the spending process. Regular underspending is a matter of frequent public comment but the legal and administrative blockages that cause the underspending problem seem very difficult to overcome. Administrative divisions Map of the municipalities Kota administrasi in Jakarta province. Each city is divided into. It is divided into 8 administrative districts. It is characterised by large parks and Dutch colonial buildings. Landmarks include the National Monument , , , and museums. This city has 8 districts. The area includes Jakarta's Chinatown and Dutch colonial landmarks such as the Chinese Langgam building and. It contains part of. It is divided into 10 territorial districts and functions as Jakarta's ground water buffer, but recently the green belt areas are threatened by new developments. Also located in East Jakarta are and. It is the location of. Large-scale and medium-scale industries are concentrated in North Jakarta. It contains part of , formerly known as Batavia since the 17th century, and was the centre of trade activity in. Also located in North Jakarta is Ancol Dreamland , currently the largest integrated tourism area in South East Asia. North Jakarta is divided into 6 districts. It has of high conservation value because of its unique and special ecosystems. Marine tourism, such as diving, water bicycling, and wind surfing, are the primary touristic activities in this territory. The main mode of transportation between the islands are speed boats or small ferries. The area includes 3 bordering regencies , and and five adjacent cities , , , and. Topography beach Jakarta is situated on the northwest coast of , at the mouth of the on , which is an inlet of the. The northern part of Jakarta is plain land, some areas of which are below sea level and subject to frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly. It is one of only two Asian capital cities located in the southern hemisphere the other being East Timor's. Officially, the area of the Jakarta Special District is 662 km 2 256 sq mi of land area and 6,977 km 2 2,694 sq mi of sea area. The , which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city. They are: , Kalibaru, , Cipinang, , Maja, Mookervart, Krukut, Buaran, West Tarum, Cakung, Petukangan, and. These rivers flow from the highlands to the south of the city, then across the city northwards towards the Java Sea. The divides the city into the western and eastern districts. With all these rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone to. Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about 5 to 10 centimetres 2. The ring dike will be equipped with a pumping system and retention areas to defend against seawater. Additionally, it will function as a toll road. The project will be built by 2025. In January 2014, Central Government agreed to build 2 dams in Ciawi, Bogor and a 1. Construction costs will be paid for by the central government, but land acquisitions are the responsibility of the Jakarta Authority. Climate Jakarta has a Am according to the system. The wet season in Jakarta covers the majority of the year, running from October through May. The remaining four months June through September constitute the city's drier season each of these 4 months has an average monthly rainfall of less than 100 millimetres 3. Located in the western part of Java, Jakarta's wet season rainfall peak is January and February with average monthly rainfall of 299. Climate data for , Jakarta, Indonesia temperature: 1924—1994, precipitation: 1931—1994 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C °F 33. Public parks are included in public green open spaces. By 2030, the administration also hope there is 16% private green open spaces. As of 2014, there are 183 water reservoirs and lakes in greater Jakarta area. The square was created by Dutch Governor-General 1810 and was originally named Koningsplein King's Square. On 10 January 1993, President Soeharto started the beautification of the square. Several features including a deer park and 33 trees that represent the 33 provinces of Indonesia were added. It is about 4. Initially it was called Waterlooplein and functioned as the ceremonial square during the colonial period. A number of colonial monuments and memorials erected on the square during the colonial period were demolished during the Sukarno era. The most notable monument in the square is the Monumen Pembebasan Irian Barat Monument of the Liberation of West Irian. During the 1970s and 1980s the park was used as a bus terminal. In 1993 the park was turned into a public space again. It has become a recreation place for people and is occasionally also used as an exhibition place or for other events. The park is surrounded by several Dutch colonial buildings. Taman Suropati was known as Burgemeester Bisschopplein during the Dutch colonial time. The park is circular shaped with a surface area of 16,322 square metres 175,690 square feet. There are several modern statues in the park made by artists of countries, which contributes to the nickname of the park Taman persahabatan seniman ASEAN 'Park of the ASEAN artists friendship'. The park is open 24 hours as a green open space RTH and child-friendly integrated public space RPTRA and has international-standard skateboard facilities. It is expected that the park can function as an iconic tourist location. It is the third oldest zoo in the world and is the second largest zoo in the world with the most diverse animal and plant populations. It is located along the bay, at in. The flood of migrants came to Jakarta for economic reasons as Jakarta offered the hope of employment. The 1961 census showed only 51% of the city's population was actually born in Jakarta. Inwards immigration tended to negate the effect of family planning programs. Between 1961 and 1980, the population of Jakarta doubled and during the period 1980—1990, the city's population grew annually by 3. The 2010 census counted some 9. The population has risen from 4. According to the government's 'Jakarta in Figures' document, the population stood at 10,187,595 in 2011 and 9,761,407 in 2012. As per 2014, the population of Jakarta stood at 10,075,310 people. As per 2014, the population of was 30,326,103, accounting for 11% of Indonesia's overall population. The gender ratio was 102. Ethnicity and language 7. As of 2000, 35. And as of 2010 Census, 36. The '' Orang Betawi, or 'people of Batavia' are the descendants of the people living in and around , and are recognised as an ethnic group from around the 18th—19th century. The Betawi people are mostly descended from various Southeast-Asian ethnic groups brought or attracted to Batavia to meet labour needs, and include people from different parts of. Betawi people are a creole ethnic group that came from various parts of Indonesia and intermarried with Chinese, Arabs, and Europeans. Nowadays, most Betawi form a minority in the city; most of them live in the fringe areas of Jakarta and there are hardly any Betawi-dominated areas in central Jakarta. There has been a significant community in Jakarta for many centuries. Jakarta is home to the largest population of Chinese on Java island. The Chinese in Jakarta traditionally reside around old urban areas, such as , and Jakarta Chinatown areas. They also can be found in the old of and. Officially, they make up 5. The Sumatran people of the city are very diverse. According to 2010 Census, there were roughly 346,000 , 305,000 and 155,000. The Batak and Minangkabau are spread throughout the city. The Batak ethnic group has increased in ranking, from eighth in 1930 to fifth in 2000. Beside the Chinese, Minangkabau people also as merchants, peddlers, and artisans, in addition to working in white collar professions: doctors, teachers, and journalists. English is used widely as second language, while a number of elderly people can speak and. Each of the ethnic groups use their mother language at home, such as , , , , , , , , , and. The language is mostly based on the East dialect and enriched by from , , , , , , and. Folk religion is claimed for 231 people. Most Islamic boarding schools in Jakarta are affiliated with the traditionalist , modernist organisations mostly catering to a socioeconomic class of educated urban elites and merchant traders. They give priority to education, social welfare programs and religious propagation activities. Many Islamic organisations have headquarters in Jakarta, including , , , , and. There's also a community. As the economic and political capital of Indonesia with so many different languages and ethnic groups, it is difficult to describe or define a common culture for Jakarta, as the city attracts many native immigrants, from the vast and diverse Indonesian archipelago, who also bring their various languages, dialects, foods and customs. This diversity of origins and languages leads to differences in regard to religion, traditions and linguistics. However ethnic are considered as the indigenous people of Jakarta. Arts and festivals The Betawi culture is distinct from those of the or , forming itself as a in the surrounding area. Betawi arts have a low profile in Jakarta, and most Betawi have moved to the suburbs of Jakarta, displaced by new migrants. It is easier to find Java or Minang-based wedding ceremonies rather than Betawi weddings in Jakarta. It is easier to find Javanese Gamelan instead of Tanjidor a mixture between Betawi and Portuguese music , Marawis a mixture between Betawi and Yemeni music or Gambang Kromong a mixture between Betawi and Chinese music. The Chinese also influenced Betawi culture, such as the popularity of Chinese cakes and sweets, , to Betawi wedding attire that demonstrates Chinese and Arab influences. However, some festivals such as the Jalan Jaksa Festival or Kemang Festival include efforts to preserve Betawi arts by inviting artists to give performances. Jakarta has several performing art centres, such as the classical concert hall Aula Simfonia Jakarta in Kemayoran, TIM art centre in Cikini, near Pasar Baru, Balai Sarbini in the Plaza Semanggi area, in Palmerah area, Pasar Seni Art Market in , and traditional Indonesian art performances at the pavilions of some provinces in. Traditional music is often found at high-class hotels, including and performances. Javanese performances can be found at Wayang Orang Bharata theatre near Senen bus terminal. As the country's largest city and capital, Jakarta has lured much national and regional talent who hope to find a greater audience and more opportunities for success. Flona Jakarta is a flora-and-fauna exhibition, held annually in August at Park, featuring flowers, plant nurseries, and pets. However, this month-long fair also features entertainment, including arts and music performances by local musicians. JJF is one of the largest jazz festivals in the world and arguably the biggest in the Southern hemisphere. The annual jazz festival is held every early March and was designed to be one of the largest jazz festivals globally. Several foreign art and culture centres are also established in Jakarta, and mainly serve to promote culture and language through learning centres, libraries, and art galleries. Among these foreign art and cultural centres are China , Netherlands , UK , France , Germany , , and India. The local cuisine of Jakarta is the , which reflects various foreign culinary traditions that have influenced the inhabitants of Jakarta for centuries. Betawi cuisine is heavily influenced by , and , which is also influenced by Indian, Arabic and European cuisines. One of the most popular local dishes of Betwai cuisine is which is prepared from chunks of beef and in rich and spicy cow's milk or coconut milk broth. Other popular Betawi dishes include , , spicy omelette , , , , and Betawi salad in peanut sauce. Jakarta has a vast range of food available at hundreds of eating venues and food courts located all over the city, from modest street-side foodstalls and kaki lima five legs travelling vendors to high-end fine dining restaurants. From rooftop bar to glamorous lounge, Jakarta has plenty of bars, cafes and clubs. From old town of with Indonesia's Dutch colonial past to the fashionable district, the city has hive of live music venues and exclusive restaurants. Since Jakarta is regarded as the 'melting-pot' and a miniature version of Indonesia, many traditional foods from far-flung regions in Indonesia can be found in Jakarta. For example, traditional and low-budget Warung Tegal foodstalls are ubiquitous in the capital. Other popular street foods include fried rice , skewered meats , fried catfish , meatballs , Chinese bun and fish dumplings. While , , , , and , areas have trendy restaurants, cafe and bars. This place is unique as most of the 's are available within a single compound. At present there are two such food courts at and area. Almost all global fast-food chain like , , , , , , , along with local brands like , , , and or Japanese have presence in the city. Next to a myriad of and regional specialties from all over Indonesia, foreign food is also represented: , , , , , , , 's like , , , and modern fusion food can all be found in Jakarta. Museums of Indonesia in There are in total 142 museums in Jakarta. The museums in Jakarta cluster around the 's area, , and. The Jakarta Old Town contains museums that are former institutional buildings of Colonial Batavia. Some of these museums are: former City Hall of Batavia , Puppet Museum former Church of Batavia , the former Court House of Justice of Batavia , the former warehouse , former Javasche Bank , and former Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij. Also in the central Jakarta area is the former cemetery of Batavia , and in area. Other museums are , Museum , and Crocodile Well. Media Jakarta has numerous newspaper publications, television and radio stations. Several newspapers, including daily, business, and digital papers, are based in Jakarta. Daily newspapers include , , , , , , , Sinar Harapan, Indo Pos, Jurnal Nasional, and Harian Pelita. English language newspapers are also published daily, for example and. Jakarta has also the daily newspapers segment such as Pos Kota, Warta Kota, Koran Jakarta, Berita Kota for local readers; , Investor Daily, Kontan, Harian Neraca business news as well as Top Skor and Soccer sport news. Jakarta are the headquarters for Indonesia's state media public government stations, as well as private national television include , , , , , , , , , , , and. Jakarta has also the local television channels such as , , Elshinta TV, and DAAI TV Indonesia. The city is home to the country's main pay television service. The wide range of cable channels available includes First Media and. DTH has yet to gain mass acceptance in Jakarta. Prominent DTH entertainment services are , , , , and. Many TV stations are analogue , but some are now converting to digital signals using following a government plan to migration. The in Senayan, South Jakarta Channel Name Type Language Country of Region 22 Local 23 UHF National 25 UHF 26 UHF Local 27 UHF National 28 UHF Local 29 UHF National 30 UHF 31 UHF Local 33 UHF 35 UHF 37 UHF National 39 UHF 41 UHF 43 UHF 45 UHF 47 UHF 49 UHF 51 UHF 53 UHF 55 UHF Local 57 UHF National 59 UHF Local 60 UHF There are seventy five radio stations in Jakarta, with fifty two broadcasting on the band, and twenty three radio stations broadcasting on the band. The city generated about one-sixth of Indonesian GDP in 2008. Jakarta ranked 67th in published by. The city ranks higher at 62 in , published in September, 2017. Jakarta ranked at 41 in by The Mori Memorial Foundation in 2017. Jakarta's economy depends highly on service sectors, banking, trading, financial, and manufacturing. Most of industries in Jakarta include electronics, automotive, chemicals, mechanical engineering and biomedical sciences manufacturing. Head office of and located in the city. Most of the like , , , , , , operate from their head offices in the city. Also major maintains head office in Jakarta. Important conglomerates which have corporate office in the city are, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and many more. The economic growth of Jakarta was 6. Throughout 2017, total value of investment in Jakarta was Rp 108. In 2014, per capita GRDP of Jakarta inhabitants was Rp 174. In 2015, GDP per capita in the city was estimated Rp 194. Last data update was on 2014 by end of year Jakarta have a GRDP Gross Regional Domestic Product was Rp. In 2007 growth in the transportation and communication 15. In 2007, GRDP Gross Regional Domestic Product was Rp. The largest contributions to GRDP were by finance, ownership and business services 29% ; trade, hotel and restaurant sector 20% , and manufacturing industry sector 16%. In 2007, the increase in per capita GRDP of Jakarta inhabitants was 11. The cost of living in the city continues to rise. Both land price and rents has become expensive. Industrial development and the construction of new housing are usually undertaken on the outskirts, while commerce and banking remain concentrated in the city centre. Jakarta has a bustling luxury property market. The investment in the property sector, including offices, commercial buildings, new town development, and high rise apartments and hotels grew substantially. Shopping in Central Jakarta Jakarta has numerous and markets. With a total of 550 hectares, Jakarta has the world's largest shopping mall floor area within a single city. Malls such as , , , and , , , , , , , , , , and have presence of international retail brands such as , , , , and. Internationally known luxury brands such as , , , , , , , and can be found in Jakarta's luxury shopping malls. The Satrio-Casablanca corridor, 3. Many multistorey shopping centres are located here, such as , Mal Ambassador, , and. Traditional markets include , , , , , , Cempaka Mas, and. There are also special markets, which sell goods at Surabaya Street and gemstones in Rawabening Market. Tourism See also: Though Jakarta has been named the most popular location as per tag stories and ranked 8th most posted among the cities in the world in 2017 on image sharing site , the city is not a top international tourist destination neighboring cities like , and. Jakarta ranked as the fifth fastest growing destination among 132 cities according to published in September, 2017. Those who were visiting, 59. According to Euromonitor International's latest Top 100 City Destinations Ranking, Jakarta ranked at 83 with more than 3. Euromonitor also predicts that growth of international tourist in Jakarta will become almost 50 percent by 2025, with an estimated total of 7. Most of the visitors attracted to Jakarta are domestic tourists from all over Indonesia. As the gateway of , Jakarta often serves as the stop-over for foreign visitors on their way to other popular Indonesian tourist destinations such as , , and. Jakarta is trying to attract more international tourist by tourism, by arranging increasing numbers of. Slowly but steadily and gradually tourism contributes a growing amount of income to the city. In 2012, the tourism sector contributed 2. Tourism stakeholders are expecting greater marketing of the Jakarta as a tourism destination. In the old ports of , the tall masted ships are still found to be anchored. The with in also attracted architecture enthusiast. Other than monuments, landmarks, and museums around and , tourist attractions of the city include , , , , old port and the complex on Jakarta Bay, which houses Fantasy World theme park, Sea World, Atlantis Water Adventure, and Gelanggang Samudra. Since Most of the renowned international have presence in the city. Further information: Two private companies, PALYJA and Aetra, provide piped water supply in the western and eastern half of Jakarta respectively under 25-year concession contracts signed in 1998. A public asset holding company called PAM Jaya owns the infrastructure. Water supply had been privatised by government of then President Suharto in 1998 to the French company and the British company International. Both foreign companies subsequently sold their concessions to Indonesian companies. Customer growth in the 7 first years of the concessions had been lower than before, despite substantial inflation-adjusted tariff increases during this period. In 2005 tariffs were frozen, leading the private water companies to cut down on investments. A private hospital in Jakarta According to PALYJA in its western half of the concession the service coverage ratio increased substantially from 34% in 1998 to 59% in 2007 and 65% in 2010. According to data by the Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body, access in the eastern half of the city served by PTJ increased from about 57% in 1998 to about 67% in 2004, but stagnated after that. However, other sources cite much lower access figures for piped water supply to houses, excluding access provided through public hydrants: One study estimated access as low as 25% in 2005, while another source estimates it to be as low as 18. Those without access to piped water supply get water mostly from wells that are often salty and polluted with bacteria. As of 2017, according to the , Jakarta has a crisis of clean water. Healthcare is among best in Southeast Asia together with neighbouring countries, such as , or , the capital Jakarta does have many of the country's best-equipped private and public facilities. In January 2014, the Indonesian government launched Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional JKN , a scheme to implement in Indonesia. This scheme is the world's largest insurance system today that cover around 250 millions population. This is one of the biggest achievement of Indonesia's healthcare system. It is expected that the entire population will be covered in 2019. Hospitals in Jakarta are of a very good standard; however, they are in high demand and thus often overcrowded. There are many government-run specialized hospitals like , as well as community hospitals in Jakarta. Private hospitals and clinics are another option for healthcare services in Jakarta. Private healthcare sector has seen significant changes during last few years, as Indonesian government began allowing foreign investment in the private sector in 2010. While there are some private facilities that are run by nonprofit or religious organizations, most are for profit. There are many hospital chains with branches operating in the city, such as Siloam, Mayapada, Mitra Keluarga, Medika, Medistra, Hermina and many others. A street of As a metropolitan area of about 30 million people, Jakarta has a variety of transport systems. However, Jakarta is still strained by traffic jams during rush hours. The city prioritised development of road networks, which were mostly designed to accommodate private vehicles. As of 2018, about 3. Based on the survey, 58 percent of these commuters use motorcycles, 12. As of 2010, public transportation in Jakarta serves only 56% of commuter trips. The first public transport system in the city was , which was started in 1869 and ceased operation after serving almost one century in 1962. At present public transit system in consists of a , , and. Other transit systems, those are now being under construction are and , which are expected to be operational by 2018. Road Part of or Jalan Tol Lingkar Dalam Jakarta in Grogol Petamburan, West Jakarta A structured road network had been developed in the early 19th century as a part of the by former Governor-General , which connects most major cities throughout. During the following decades, the road network was expanded to a great extent, although it could not keep up with the rapidly increasing numbers of motorised vehicles, resulting in highly congested traffic. A notable feature of Jakarta's present road system is the network. Composed of an and and five toll roads radiating outwards, the network provides inner as well as outer city connections. Also with a dedicated public transportation lane, connecting which is 69. Throughout the years, many attempts have been made to reduce traffic congestion on city's main roads which include a 'three-in-one' rush-hour law, during which cars with fewer than three passengers were prohibited, ban on trucks passing main avenues during the day, and lastly in 2016, 'odd-even' policy was introduced which designated cars with either odd or even-numbered registration plates on a particular day. All these steps were undertaken as a transitional measure to alleviate traffic congestion until introduction of , which is expected to be operational by 2019 along with the opening of the. A bus at a station on during Car-Free Day There are many bus terminals in the city, from where buses operate on numerous routes to connect neighborhoods within the city limit, to other areas of area and to cities across the island of. The biggest of the bus terminal is , which is arguably the largest of its kind in Southeast Asia. Many companies operate plenty of taxi cabs and maintain pools of different model of cars with their brand's along with app-based ride hailing and. In 1971 becak were banned from major roads, and shortly thereafter the government attempted a total ban, which substantially reduced their numbers but did not eliminate them. During early 1940s to 1991 auto rickshaw were a common mode of transportation, which are only allowed in the back streets of some parts of the city at present. Although motorcycle taxi are not an official form of public transport, they can be found throughout Indonesia and in Jakarta. Nowadays most of the are operated under app bases ride hailing companies like GO-JEK and Grab. TransJakarta has targeted to serve one million passengers per day by the end of 2018. Besides , other private owned bus systems like , , and also provide important services for Jakarta commuters with numerous routes throughout the city. Jakarta city government provides free double-decker City tour bus service that offers sightseeing in the city. Tourists can catch the double-decker bus — free of charge, in several designated bus stops in front of city's points of interest. Several routes of this bus service covers main tourist attractions, such as , , the , , , , and. The service is expanded to include in the north, in the west and in area in the south, via avenue. Rail train at station Long-distance railways and were first introduced during the Dutch colonial era. The first station was built in 1887 by a private railway company, which is now station. While the trams were replaced with buses in the post-colonial era, continued to connect the city to its neighbouring regions as well as cities throughout the island of. Main terminus for long distance train services are and. The rail system uses rolling stock of standard and operates at high frequency with a minimum. Daily ridership average was about 0. The total length of the network when complete will be approximately 110. The system is planned to connect Jakarta city center with suburbs in such as , , and. First phase of the construction will connect east and with in downtown , passing through intersection. This phase will be 42. Another LRT line connecting Kelapa Gading district and Jakarta International Velodrome is currently on test and will be open to public in December 2018. Another express train service is now under planning stage to connect with. Completion of this line is expected to be in 2019 at the earliest. Air Terminal 3 CGK is the main serving the area, located in ,. Soekarno—Hatta International Airport was ranked as in the world by , with about 63 million passengers in 2017. The connects the airport to , South Jakarta. Other airports in the Jakarta metropolitan area include and an airfield on Pulau Panjang, part of the Kepulauan Seribu. Water transport Jakarta's main seaport serves many ferry connections to different parts of Indonesia. When fully operational in 2023, it will triple existing annual capacity. On 6 June 2007, the city administration introduced the Waterway officially Angkutan Sungai , a new river boat service along the Ciliwung River. However, because of varying water levels during the dry and wet seasons, also due to floating plastic garbages those comes with water from upstream during raining, this service is closed-down. Facade of the in Jakarta has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect Malay, Javanese, Arabic, Chinese and Dutch influences. The external influence gives a role in forming the architecture of the Betawi house. The houses were built of nangka wood Artocarpus integrifolia and comprised three rooms. The shape of the roof is reminiscent of the traditional. There are about six hundred registered cultural heritage buildings in Jakarta. Colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta include those that were constructed during the of Indonesia. The dominant styles of the Dutch colonial period can be divided into three periods: the 17th to late 18th century , the transitional style period late 18th century — 19th century , and Dutch modernism 20th century. Dutch colonial architecture in Jakarta is apparent in buildings such as houses or villas, churches, civic buildings, and offices, mostly concentrated in the and. Architects such as J. Schultze and designed some significant buildings in Jakarta. Works of Schultze includes , the Indonesia Supreme Court Building and Building, while Cuypers designed and Bank Mandiri Museum. At the early 20th century, most of the buildings in the Jakarta were built in Neo Renaissance style of Europe. By the 1920s, the architectural taste have begun to shift in favour of and movement, particularly there was increasing architecture. The elite suburbs , developed during the 1910s, was the city's first attempt at creating an ideal and healthy housing area for the middle class. The original houses had a longitudinal organisation of space, as well as overhanging eaves, large windows and open ventilation, all practical features for a tropical climate with a hint of modern art deco. It was developed by the private real estate company N. After independence, the process of nation building in Indonesia and demolishing the memory of Dutch colonialism was as important as the symbolic building of arterials, monuments, government buildings during the Sukarno era. The in Jakarta, designed by Sukarno, is Indonesia's beacon nationalism. In the early 1960s, Jakarta with funding providing infrastructure development for highways and super-scale cultural monuments as well as. The features a hyperbolic shaped roof reminiscent of German rationalist and Corbusian design concepts. In 1996, soars to height of 262 metres 860 feet with forty eight stories and its nib shaped top celebrates technology and symbolises stereoscopy. The urban construction booms have continued in the 21st century and are shaping skylines in Jakarta. According to and , there are 88 skyscrapers that reaches or exceeds the height of 150 metres 490 feet in Jakarta, which puts the city at the. It has more buildings taller than 500 feet 150 m than any other Southeast Asia's cities as well as. At present with 310 meters tip height is the tallest building in Jakarta. Landmarks Night view of , the Jakarta landmark Most of Jakarta's landmarks, monuments and statues were built during the era beginning in the 1960s, then completed in the Suharto era, while some originated in the colonial Dutch East Indies period. The most famous Jakarta's landmark that become the symbol of the city is the 132-metre-tall 433-foot obelisk of Monumen Nasional or Monas right in the centre of. On its southwest corner stands a themed chariot statue and fountain. Further south through , one of the main avenue of Jakarta, the stands on the fountain in the centre of. Other landmarks include the , the and. The former , in is also the city's landmark. Some of statues and monuments in Jakarta are nationalist, such as the Liberation monument, and. Several are commemorated in statues, such as and statues in Merdeka Square, and statues located in each respectable avenues, also and statues in Proclamation Monument also on the entrance of Soekarno—Hatta International Airport. Jakarta was host of the and the , co-hosted by. Jakarta also hosted the regional-scale in 1979, 1987, 1997, and 2011 supporting city for. The Senayan sports complex has several sport venues, including the Bung Karno football stadium, , Istora Senayan, aquatic arena, baseball field, basketball court, badminton court, a shooting range, several indoor and outdoor tennis court and a golf driving range. The Senayan complex was built in 1959 to accommodate the Asian Games in 1962. For basketball, the in , North Jakarta, with a capacity of 7,000 seats, is the home arena of the Indonesian national basketball team. The velodrome has a seating capacity of 3,500 for , and up to 8,500 for shows and concerts, which can also be used for various sports activities such as volleyball, badminton, and futsal. The Jakarta are held weekly on Sunday on the main avenues of the city, Jalan Sudirman and Jalan Thamrin, from 6 am to 11 am. The briefer Car-Free Day which lasts from only 6 am to 9 am is held on every other Sunday. The event invites local pedestrians to do sports and exercise and have their activities on the streets that are normally full of cars and traffic. Morning gymnastics, and , , , , , , , on-street library, and musical performances take over the roads and the main parks in Jakarta. Jakarta's most popular home football club is , which plays in and uses as home venue. Another football team in Jakarta is who compete in and play its games in and. It is recognised by and. First established in 2013 to promote Jakarta as city. In 2015 edition of marathon, more than 15,000 runners from 53 countries were participated. Faculty of Medicine, Jakarta is home to a number of universities, of which the UI is the largest and oldest tertiary-level educational institution in Indonesia. It is a public institution with campuses in Salemba central Jakarta and in to the south of Jakarta. Some major private universities in Jakarta are: , , , , , , , , and. School tot Opleiding van Indische Artsen was the first high school in Jakarta, established in 1851. As the largest city and the capital, Jakarta houses many students from around Indonesia, many of whom reside in dormitories or home-stay residences. For basic education, there are a variety of primary and secondary schools, tagged with public national , private national and bi-lingual national plus and international schools. Four of the major international schools located in Jakarta are the , , and the. Other international schools include the , , , , , , and. The Secretariat of at Jalan Sisingamangaraja No. Jakarta also serves as the seat of ASEAN Secretariat; numbers of foreign countries has appointed their embassies also serving as the representative and mission for ASEAN, thus making Jakarta as the diplomatic capital of ASEAN. Jakarta is also a member of the , , and. Twin towns — Sister cities See also: Jakarta signed agreements with other cities, one of them is , Morocco's largest city, that have signed sister city agreement on 21 September 1990. To promote friendship between two cities, Jalan Casablanca, a main avenue famous for its shopping and business centres in , was named after Jakarta's Moroccan sister city. Currently there is no street in Casablanca named after Jakarta, however on the other hand in , Morocco's capital city, an avenue was named after , Indonesia's first president, to commemorate his visit in 1960 also as a token of friendship. Also within sister cities cooperation, Jakarta has established partnership with of the , especially on integrated urban water management, including capacity building and knowledge exchange. This cooperation is mainly because Jakarta and Rotterdam are dealing with similar problems; both cities lie in low-lying flat plains prone of flooding. 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Tourism See also: Though Nagasaki has been named the most popular location as per tag stories and ranked 8th most date in asia jakarta among the cities in the world in 2017 on image sharing sitethe city is not a top international tourist destination neighboring cities likeand. The most famous Jakarta's landmark that become the limbo of the city is the 132-metre-tall 433-foot obelisk of Monumen Nasional or Monas right in the centre of. Retrieved 26 January 2008. Media Jakarta has numerous newspaper publications, television and radio stations. Jakarta is nicknamed thethe thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region, as the met is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of New York City the Big Apple. The project will be built by 2025. If you are an expat who visits nice restaurants and hotels, it shouldn't be too hard to add at least a great photo every two days. By the 1730s, 50 per pan of the 24,000 Batavia population were Chinese. Other airports in the Jakarta metropolitan area include and an airfield on Pulau Panjang, part of the Kepulauan Seribu.